The Major Views of Salvation with a Focus on Wesleyan Perspectives and their Implications", "John Wesley, a Faithful Representative of Jacobus Arminius", "Covenant, Universal Call And Definite Atonement", "One more quick sidebar about clarifying Arminianism", "Must One Agree with Arminius to be Arminian? In The Arminian Magazine, edited by him, he stated that God willeth all men to be saved, by speaking the truth in love. Arminianism was an important influence in Methodism, which developed out of the Wesleyan movement. Attach an asterisk (*) to the end of a word as a wildcard. Until the sinner responds, the Spirit cannot give life. 5 Ben A. Warburton, Calvinism, p. 61. The Dutch Remonstrants were condemned by the Synod of Dort and suffered political persecution for a time, but by 1630 they were legally tolerated. . [17] The Baptist movement originated with Thomas Helwys, who left his mentor John Smyth (who had moved into shared belief and other distinctives of the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites of Amsterdam) and returned to London to start the first English Baptist Church in 1611. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The 230-page Reformed Arminian Theology with Arminian Acronym, God And Sinners Reconciled: A Theology of Reformed Arminianism, is now available for pre-order on Amazon Kindle (digital). Arminianism is a branch of Protestantism initiated in the early 16th century, based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius and his historic supporters known as Remonstrants. [118] Following Arminius, the Remonstrants believed that, though possible, apostasy was not in general irremediable. When he is made a partaker of this regeneration or renovation, I consider that, since he is delivered from sin, he is capable of thinking, willing and doing that which is good, but yet not without the continued aids of Divine Grace. We asked Pastor about her upcoming Reformed Arminian Theology and just how she arrived at the book idea. In addition to putting away the sins of His people, Christ's redemption secured everything necessary for their salvation, including faith which unites them to Him. All who are chosen by God, redeemed by Christ, and given faith by the Spirit are eternally saved. Itll all come together when you see the table of contents and the work itself, Pastor said. [58][59] On the other hand, the Council of Orange condemned the Augustinian teaching of predestination to damnation. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16776288, Terror Of The Lord: Critiquing Conditional Immortality, Answering Annihilationisms Apologists, Divine Sovereignty/Human Responsibility Debate, Bible College, Seminary, and Divinity School Grads Wanted, Fair Shot: What You Need To Know About The COVID-19 Vaccine, The Essential Church History and Background, Follow essentialchurch.net on WordPress.com, Primary And Secondary Payor: Why Your Insurance Bill Still IsntPaid, Why Do I Need My Doctors Approval To See A Specialist? Article 1: Predestination as Gods Purpose to Save in Christ, That God, by an eternal, unchangeable purpose in Jesus Christ his Son, before the foundation of the world, hath determined, out of the fallen, sinful race of men, to save in Christ, for Christs sake, and through Christ, those who, through the grace of the Holy Spirit, shall believe on this his Son Jesus, and shall persevere in this faith and obedience of faith, through this grace, even to the end; and, on the other hand, to leave the incorrigible and unbelieving in sin and under wrath, and to condemn them as alienate from Christ, according to the word of the gospel in John 3:36: He that believes on the Son has everlasting life: and he that believes not the Son shall not see life; but the wrath of God abides on him, and according to other passages of Scripture also. Arminianism, on the other hand, considered the long-time theology of the people, has never had such an acronym. Calvinism has used this acronym (a word consisting of five letters where each letter points to a particular doctrine) to instruct everyday Christians concerning what Calvinism teaches. [139] Arminius referred to Pelagianism as "the grand falsehood" and stated that he "must confess that I detest, from my heart, the consequences [of that theology]. The only "contribution" humans make is nonresistance to grace. Arminianism is a school of Protestant Christian theology developed by Dutch Reformed Theologian Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609). Arminianism: To the Arminian, God is sovereign, but has limited his control in correspondence with man's freedom and response. The movement began early in the 17th century and asserted that Gods sovereignty and human free will are compatible. elected He brings through the power of the And yet, even with all that shes done for Arminius and Arminianism, what she calls the theology of the people, she, like the Dutch Reformed theologian, cannot escape John Calvin. But as respects the mode of the operation of this grace, it is not irresistible, inasmuch as it is written concerning many, that they have resisted the Holy Spirit. [146], The doctrine of open theism states that God is omnipresent, omnipotent, and omniscient, but differs on the nature of the future. Methodist theologian Thomas Oden,[44] "Evangelical Methodists" Bible scholar Ben Witherington III,[45] and Christian apologist David Pawson[46] are generally Arminian in their theologies. "[93] God alone determines who will be saved and his determination is that all who believe Jesus through faith will be justified. If he were here, I think hed be ecstatic, she said. Rather, man is unable to take a single step towards God and needs grace in order to rightly use his free will: That man has not saving grace of himself, nor of the energy of his free will, inasmuch as he, in the state of apostasy and sin, can of and by himself neither think, will, nor do any thing that is truly good (such as saving Faith eminently is); but that it is needful that he be born again of God in Christ, through his Holy Spirit, and renewed in understanding, inclination, or will, and all his powers, in order that he may rightly understand, think, will, and effect what is truly good, according to the Word of Christ, John 15:5: Without me you can do nothing. (Article III). God's choice of certain individuals unto [86] Hugo Grotius taught that it was satisfied governmentally. And the Free Will Baptists, known for their strong adherence to Arminianism, are isolated within the Baptist community. There are other so-called Arminian acronyms that are published online, Richardson told us, but hers is the first ever to make its way into print. Those who resist will be lost, but those who do not resist will believe and be saved as a gift. [7] He was taught by Theodore Beza, Calvin's hand-picked successor, but after examination of the scriptures, he rejected his teacher's theology that it is God who unconditionally elects some for salvation. The Spirit graciously causes the elect sinner to cooperate, to believe, to repent, to come freely and willingly to Christ. [90], Man has a freed will to respond or resist: Free will is granted and limited by God's sovereignty, but God's sovereignty allows all men the choice to accept the Gospel of Jesus through faith, simultaneously allowing all men to resist. "[80], Atonement is intended for all: Jesus's death was for all people, Jesus draws all people to himself, and all people have opportunity for salvation through faith. Hospital In-Network, Doctor Out-Of-Network; How Is ThisPossible? (Responding ToReaders), HMO And Drug List: How To Make Your Affordable Plan Work ForYou. says. The movement was named for Jacobus Arminius, a Dutch Reformed theologian of the University of Leiden (160309) who became involved in a highly publicized debate with his colleague Franciscus Gomarus, a rigid Calvinist, concerning the Calvinist interpretation of the divine decrees respecting election and reprobation. are the result, not the cause of God's choice. The Kindle and Paperback editions will officially release on Christmas Day, December 25th, for $40.00. In the cart are Johannes Wtenbogaert, Jacobus Arminius, Petrus Bertius, Jacobus Taurinus, Conradus Vorstius, David Joris . Arminius held that God's justice was satisfied by penal substitution. When we pressed her as to the name of the Arminian acronym itself, she told us, Its a secret that is, until you purchase the book, she said, smiling, while giving us the peace sign. choice of particular sinners was not based on (, Article 2: Unlimited Atonement Applied Only to Believers, That, agreeably thereto, Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the world, died for all men and for every man, so that he has obtained for them all, by his death on the cross, redemption and the forgiveness of sins; yet that no one actually enjoys this forgiveness of sins except the believer, according to the word of the Gospel of John 3:16: God so loved the world that he gave his only-begotten Son, that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. And in the First Epistle of John 2:2: And he is the propitiation for our sins; and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world. (, Article 3: Regeneration Necessary for Right Use of Free Will, That man has not saving grace of himself, nor of the energy of his free will, inasmuch as he, in the state of apostasy and sin, can of and by himself neither think, will, nor do any thing that is truly good (such as saving Faith eminently is); but that it is needful that he be born again of God in Christ, through his Holy Spirit, and renewed in understanding, inclination, or will, and all his powers, in order that he may rightly understand, think, will, and effect what is truly good, according to the Word of Christ, John 15:5: Without me you can do nothing. (, Article 4: All is Of Grace, Yet Not Irresistible, Grace, grace, graceall is of grace. On The Free Will of Man, Arminius declares. On the other hand, it requires for God's election to be a "predestination by foreknowledge". Wesley also clarified the doctrine of prevenient grace and preached the ability of Christians to attain to perfection (fully mature, not "sinlessness"). [9], After some political maneuvering, the Dutch Calvinists were able to convince Prince Maurice of Nassau to deal with the situation. He defended Arminianism against charges of semi-Pelagianism, holding strongly to beliefs in original sin and total depravity. "[93], God predestines the elect to a glorious future: Predestination is not the predetermination of who will believe, but rather the predetermination of the believer's future inheritance. 2023 Holy Joys, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Roger Nicole prefers the acronym G O S P E L (which makes six points): Grace, Obligatory grace . Watch this entir Christ's redeeming work was intended to save the elect only and actually secured salvation for them. God's certainty and human contingency are compatible.[78]. Yes - On this point, Wesley would agree with Calvin. Far from the popular notion that Arminians dont believe in predestination, the Arminian Articles reflect Jacob Arminiuss belief that predestination is the foundation of Christianity. The articles evidence the main objection that Arminians have to the Calvinistic understanding of predestination: its not sufficiently Christ-centered or gospel-centered. Indeed most biblical scholarship is in agreement that Judeo-Greco-Roman thought in the 1st century was opposite of the Western world's "individual first" mantra. In 1610, one year after the death of Jacob Arminius (15601609), the Arminians or Remonstrants published the following articles. Johnathan Arnold is a husband, father, and aspiring pastor-theologian, as well as the founder and president of holyjoys.org. [119] However, other classical Arminians as the Free Will Baptists have taught that apostasy is irremediable.[120][121]. This includes exercising faith. What few people know is that before the five points of Calvinism, solidified at the Synod of Dort in 16181619, came the five points of Arminianism. "rejection", or 2. Arminianism, did not begin with him. It is a myth, or at best a dangerous oversimplification, that Calvinists believe in predestination while Arminians believe in free will. [85], Christ's atonement has a substitutionary effect which is limited only to the elect. [70][84] Oropeza concludes: "If there is any consistency in Arminius' position, he did not seem to deny the possibility of falling away". [103] Arminius said also in his "Declaration of Sentiments" (1607), "I never taught that a true believer can, either totally or finally fall away from the faith, and perish; yet I will not conceal, that there are passages of scripture which seem to me to wear this aspect; and those answers to them which I have been permitted to see, are not of such a kind as to approve themselves on all points to my understanding. salvation before the foundation of the world Arminianism . [12] Anglican Arminians of the 17th century such as William Laud fought Calvinist Puritans. Consequently, it takes much more than the Spirit's assistance to bring a sinner to Christ - it takes regeneration by which the Spirit makes the sinner alive and gives him a new nature. (Isn't election unjust?). A Response to Michael Bird. TULIP is a popular acronym for the five points of Calvinism--total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints. According to Roger E. Olson, Arminius beliefs, i.e. each individual whom He selected. [76][77] God's foreknowledge of the future is exhaustive and complete, and therefore the future is certain and not contingent on human action. Among other things it includes the proper use of Scripture and a proper understanding of such doctrines as: (1) the plan of salvation, (2) the covenantal structure, (3) the concept of holiness, (4) church government, (5) the sacraments, (6) evangelism, (7) worship, and (8) church discipline, etc. And its powers are not only debilitated and useless unless they be assisted by grace, but it has no powers whatever except such as are excited by Divine grace. God's grace, therefore, is not invincible; it can be, and often is, resisted and thwarted by man. [102] For instance, Arminius declared in 1599 that this matter required further study in the Scriptures. The two groups overlap substantially. [32] Anabaptist denominations, such as the Mennonites, Hutterites, Amish and Schwarzenau Brethren, adhere to Anabaptist theology, which espouses a soteriology that is similar to Arminianism "in some respects". And so, at the end of 2019, here we are.. His [22] Due to the Methodist and Holiness background of many early Pentecostal preachers, the Pentecostal churches usually possessed practices that arose from the Wesleyan Arminianism. Answered by a Lover of Free Grace", "Serious Thoughts Upon the Perseverance of the Saints", Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arminianism&oldid=1136178488, Philosophy and thought in the Dutch Republic, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Nature of election Arminians hold that election to eternal salvation has the, Nature of grace Arminians believe that, through, Extent of the atonement Arminians, along with four-point Calvinists or, Perseverance in faith Arminians believe that future salvation and eternal life is secured in Christ and protected from all external forces but is, This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 03:18. A Closer Look At John13. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. "malicious sinning". [20] Wesley was a champion of Arminian teachings, defending his soteriology in The Arminian and writing articles such as Predestination Calmly Considered. 1602, that "a person who is being 'built' into the church of Christ may resist the continuation of this process". Reformed scholars at the Synod of Dort (1618-1619) rebutted these points by coming up with what are now called the five points of Calvinism. Many consider the theological differences to be crucial differences in doctrine, while others find them to be relatively minor. From this statement it will clearly appear, that I by no means do injustice to grace, by attributing, as it is reported of me, too much to mans free-will. Taken from Romans and Interpretive Outline by David N Steele and Curtis C Thomas ISBN 978--87552-443-6 Appendix D Pages 144-147 used with permission from P&R Publishing Co. P.O. Roger Olson expressed those defining ideas in a more practical way: ""Arminianism," [] is simply a term we use in theology for the view, held by some people before Arminius and many after him, that sinners who hear the gospel have the free will to accept or reject Gods offer of saving grace and that nobody is excluded by God from the possibility of salvation except those who freely exclude themselves. "[79], Depravity is total: Arminius states "In this [fallen] state, the free will of man towards the true good is not only wounded, infirm, bent, and weakened; but it is also imprisoned, destroyed, and lost. The Five Articles of Remonstrance are five points that were raised in objection to Calvinism in 1610, and the Five Points of Calvinism are the five responses to the Five Articles of Remonstrance that were agreed upon at the Synod of Dordt in 1618 to 1619. Because of the fall, man is unable of himself to savingly believe the gospel. God's grace. I was walking around the house one day during the summer, cleaning up the kitchen for my granddad, and for some odd reason, I started singing the Christmas carol Hark the Herald Angels Sing. I rarely sing that Christmas carol at Christmas, so I was somewhat stunned as to why I was singing it. Wesley was highly influenced by 17th-century English Arminianism and thinkers such as John Goodwin, Jeremy Taylor and Henry Hammond of the Anglican "Holy Living" school, and the Remonstrant Hugo Grotius. The Arminian Articles of 1610 begin with a positive and Christ-centered approach to the doctrine of predestination. A still more liberal version of Arminianism went into the making of American Unitarianism. God therefore knows the future partially in possibilities (human free actions) rather than solely certainties (divinely determined events). Arminians are often confused about their own theological tradition and function pragmatically as semi-Pelagians (see Four Views of Salvation, Part 1: Pelagianism and Semi-Pelagianism by Chris Bounds). She did tell us, however, that the names of the doctrines are taken from Scripture as much as possible. According to the corporate election view, God never chose individuals to elect to salvation, but rather He chose to elect the believing church to salvation. "These points", note Keith D. Stanglin and Thomas H. McCall, "are consistent with the views of Arminius; indeed, some come verbatim from his Declaration of Sentiments. Salvation is accomplished by the almighty power of the Triune God. Classical Arminianism, to which Arminius is the main contributor, and Wesleyan Arminianism, to which John Wesley is the main contributor, are the two main schools of thought. A simple and common way to remember the Five Points of Calvinism is by using the acronym TULIP . Wesley sees two primary pathways that could result in a permanent fall from grace: unconfessed sin and the actual expression of apostasy. "[133], The majority Arminian view is that election is individual and based on God's foreknowledge of faith. The propitiation or atonement of Christ is not limited to an unconditionally elect or predestined group; it is for the whole world: That, agreeably thereto, Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the world, died for all men and for every man, so that he has obtained for them all, by his death on the cross, redemption and the forgiveness of sins; yet that no one actually enjoys this forgiveness of sins except the believer, according to the word of the Gospel of John 3:16: God so loved the world that he gave his only-begotten Son, that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. And in the First Epistle of John 2:2: And he is the propitiation for our sins; and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world. (Article II). Dr. Joseph R. Nally, Jr., D.D., M.Div. [21], Pentecostalism has its background in the activity of Charles Parham (18731929). What The Bible Says About TheAfterlife, $2000 Back In Social Security? There is no hint of a full-fledged synergism in the Arminian Articles. [35] The majority of Southern Baptists accept Arminianism, with an exception allowing for a doctrine of eternal security,[36][37][38][31] though many see Calvinism as growing in acceptance. [122][123] Here are mentioned some positions on specific issues within Wesleyan Arminianism: Steven Harper proposed that Wesley's atonement is a hybrid of the penal substitution theory and the governmental theory. He selected only those whom He knew would of themselves freely believe the gospel. [7] Most of the early Remonstrants followed a classical version of Arminianism. God does not determine the future, but He does know it. Omissions? salvation. Arminius writes. However, because of their differences over the doctrines of divine predestination and election, many people view these schools of thought as opposed to each other. When talking about those who have made "shipwreck" of their faith,(1 Tim 1:19) Wesley claims that "not one, or a hundred only, but I am persuaded, several thousands [] innumerable are the instances [] of those who had fallen but now stand upright. The first Baptistscalled "General Baptists" because of their confession of a "general" or unlimited atonementwere Arminians. [134] Corporate election draws support from a similar concept of corporate election found in the Old Testament and Jewish law. . [23][24] During the 20th century, as Pentecostal churches began to settle and incorporate more standard forms, they started to formulate theology that was fully Arminian. "[130], One issue that typify Wesleyan Arminianism is Christian perfection. God has provided salvation for everyone, but His provision becomes effective only for those who, of their own free will, "choose" to cooperate with Him and accept His offer of grace. Arminius's followers replied in his stead crafting the Five articles of Remonstrance (1610), in which they express their points of divergence with the stricter Calvinism of the Belgic Confession. he can never be lost. I pre-released God And Sinners Reconciled on October 10th, Arminiuss birthday, to pay respect to the man who wasnt afraid to keep the right tenets of Reformed theology while tossing out the bad, heretical ones. Arminius was born on October 10th, 1560, and this year wouldve been his 459th birthday. TULIP stands for five doctrines, or points, of Calvinism: Total Depravity (T), Unconditional Election (U), Limited Atonement (L), Irresistible Grace (I), and Perseverance of the Saints (P). Since Gods predestined purpose is to save believers in Christ, he sent Christ to die for all, so that whosoever believes in him might be saved. Dutch Arminianism was originally articulated in the Remonstrance (1610), a theological statement signed by 45 ministers and submitted to the Dutch States General. Acts 7, and elsewhere in many places. Faith is the sinner's gift to God; it is man's contribution to salvation. The Synod of Dort (161819) was called by the States General to pass upon the Remonstrance. - Arminianism D: Diminished Depravity A: Abrogated Election I: Impersonal Atonement S: Sedentary Grace Y: Yieldable Justification T.U.L.I.P. The crux of Remonstrant Arminianism lay in the assertion that human dignity requires an unimpaired freedom of the will. Having attended a seminary where John Calvin and Charles Spurgeon were bobbleheads on LifeWay store shelves, I got to a point where I realized that Calvinism wasnt winning because it was true or biblically justified; it was winning because it was the only system considered Reformed, the only system with a 5-letter instructive acronym. Jacob Hermann was a Dutch theologian who lived from 1560 to 1609. Election therefore was not determined by or Calvinism is more than a mere five points; it includes the entire Bible. [1] The soteriological doctrines of Arminianism and Anabaptism are roughly equivalent. [70] In particular, its fifth article expressed the necessity of further study on the possibility of apostasy. [125][126][127] Wesleyan Arminians have historically adopted either penal or governmental theory of the atonement. (Article I), The Arminian Articles reflect Jacob Arminiuss belief that predestination is the foundation of Christianity.. Youve likely heard of five-point Calvinism, popularized through the acronym TULIP: Arminians, especially Wesleyan Arminians, agree that man is totally depraved and thus unable to choose Christ (see Do Wesleyan Arminians Believe in Total Depravity?). (, It is a myth, or at best a dangerous oversimplification, that Calvinists believe in predestination while Arminians believe in free will. The movement that became known as Arminianism, however, tended to be more liberal than Arminius. Richardson of The Essential Church says that she is tired of Calvinism having the upper hand in every salvation discussion. The sinner is dead, blind, and deaf to the things of God; his heart is deceitful and desperately corrupt. The following is a comparison of the five points of Arminianism and the five points of Calvinism arising out of the Dutch Remonstrance controversy: The Five Points of Calvinism, (P & R Publishing, 2004) by David N. Steele and Curtis C. Thomas, contrasts the Five Points of Arminianism with the Five Points of Calvinism in even more detail then the acronyms above: Although human nature was seriously affected by the fall, man has not been left in a state of total spiritual helplessness. [128], Wesley fully accepted the Arminian view that genuine Christians could apostatize and lose their salvation, as his famous sermon "A Call to Backsliders" clearly demonstrates. Acts 7, and elsewhere in many places. [68], The teachings of Arminius held to Sola fide and Sola gratia of the Reformation, but they were distinct from particular teachings of Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, and other Protestant Reformers.[69]. Arminians believe that predestination is Gods purpose before the foundation of the world to save believers in Christ and to condemn unbelievers outside of Christ. The Five Points of Arminianism Editar | Comentar. [84][110] In 1605 Arminius wrote: But it is possible for a believer to fall into a mortal sin, as is seen in David. Man's Depravity Calvinist believe in the total depravity of man while Arminians hold to an idea dubbed "partial depravity." Arminians are often confused about their own theological tradition and function pragmatically as semi-Pelagians (see , Four Views of Salvation, Part 1: Pelagianism and Semi-Pelagianism, Article 5: Perseverance through Assisting Grace, That those who are incorporated into Christ by a true faith, and have thereby become partakers of his life-giving Spirit, have thereby full power to strive against Satan, sin, the world, and their own flesh, and to win the victory; it being well understood that it is ever through the assisting grace of the Holy Spirit; and that Jesus Christ assists them through his Spirit in all temptations, extends to them his hand, and if only they are ready for the conflict, and desire his help, and are not inactive, keeps them from falling, so that they, by no craft or power of Satan, can be misled nor plucked out of Christs hands, according to the Word of Christ, John 10:28: Neither shall any man pluck them out of my hand. But whether they are capable, through negligence, of forsaking again the first beginnings of their life in Christ, of again returning to this present evil world, of turning away from the holy doctrine which was delivered them, of losing a good conscience, of becoming devoid of grace, that must be more particularly determined out of the Holy Scripture, before we ourselves can teach it with the full persuasion of our minds. The Spirit calls inwardly all those who are called outwardly by the gospel invitation; He does all that He can to bring every sinner to salvation. [10], In England, the so-labelled Arminian doctrines[11] were held, in substance, before and in parallel of Arminius. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. [25] Currently, the two largest Pentecostal denominations in the world, the Assemblies of God and the Pentecostal Church of God denominations, hold officially to Arminian views such as resistible grace,[26] conditional election,[24] or conditional security of the believer for the first. God sent his Son to atone for the sins of all without exception, then poured out his Spirit to regenerate all, provided they do not ultimately resist Gods grace. [16], The debate between Calvin's followers and Arminius's followers is characteristic of post-Reformation church history. Thus Christ's death atones for the sins of all, but requires faith to be effected. This grace (often called pre-regenerating or prevenient grace) acts on all people to convince them of the Gospel, draw them strongly towards salvation, and enable the possibility of sincere faith. This repeated itself until I asked within my spirit, Lord, why am I singing this song? ", "Will the Real Arminius Please Stand Up? Pastor D.M. [114] Picirilli remarks: "Ever since that early period, then, when the issue was being examined again, Arminians have taught that those who are truly saved need to be warned against apostasy as a real and possible danger. Although he was reared in the reformed tradition and taught in a Calvinistic seminary, Arminius had serious questions about sovereign grace as it was preached by the . Various other theologians or Bible scholars as B. J. Oropeza,[48] Keith D. Stanglin,[49] Craig S. Keener, Thomas H. McCall,[49] and Grant R. Osborne can be mentioned as well.